海洋大氣環境下鋼結構的腐蝕與控制
隨(sui)著海洋(yang)資(zi)源的(de)開發(fa)，海上平(ping)臺數(shu)量也(ye)在(zai)快速增加，由(you)于海上平(ping)臺鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)要求防(fang)腐(fu)期效(xiao)較長，而海上鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)直接(jie)暴露在(zai)海洋(yang)鹽霧、雨露、陽光等環境中，腐(fu)蝕環境極為苛刻。因此(ci)，鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)表面腐(fu)蝕控制要求涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)體系(xi)除應(ying)具(ju)有(you)良(liang)(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)附著力和長效(xiao)的(de)防(fang)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)(xing)能(neng)外，還應(ying)具(ju)有(you)良(liang)(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)和長效(xiao)防(fang)腐(fu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)體系(xi)應(ying)具(ju)有(you)良(liang)(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)耐(nai)紫(zi)外線老化、低氯離子(zi)滲透性(xing)(xing)、高耐(nai)鹽霧性(xing)(xing)、高耐(nai)濕熱型等性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，在(zai)局部涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破損時(shi)，還能(neng)通(tong)過陰極保(bao)護等途徑，保(bao)護底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)金屬底(di)材不受腐(fu)蝕。因此(ci)，鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)表面防(fang)腐(fu)蝕涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主要選(xuan)用由(you)高耐(nai)腐(fu)蝕底(di)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與中間(jian)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和耐(nai)候面漆組成(cheng)的(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)體系(xi)。
通過涂(tu)裝高耐(nai)腐蝕底(di)涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)可以在(zai)(zai)鋼結構表(biao)面形成一層(ceng)(ceng)致密的保護膜，以隔(ge)絕(jue)大氣(qi)(qi)中的水汽和(he)(he)氯離子等腐蝕介質，從而減緩或阻(zu)止(zhi)鋼結構受到(dao)腐蝕。目前對于海洋大氣(qi)(qi)環(huan)境(jing)下鋼結構高耐(nai)腐蝕底(di)涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)，主要(yao)包括噴涂(tu)金屬涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)（鋅(xin)、鋁(lv)和(he)(he)鋅(xin)鋁(lv)合金），以及富鋅(xin)底(di)漆涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)（環(huan)氧富鋅(xin)、無機富鋅(xin)），兩種防腐蝕技術在(zai)(zai)防腐性能(neng)、施工(gong)成本、環(huan)境(jing)影響(xiang)和(he)(he)后期(qi)維護上各有利弊。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)主(zhu)要在(zai)面(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)和底(di)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)之間承(cheng)上啟下作用(yong)，它增(zeng)加涂(tu)(tu)裝層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)，是防(fang)腐(fu)蝕涂(tu)(tu)裝體系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重要部分。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)對底(di)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)進行遮蓋，防(fang)止腐(fu)蝕介質進入底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)內(nei)部，加強面(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)附著(zhu)力同(tong)時增(zeng)加了整(zheng)個涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)，延緩(huan)底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)其電化學(xue)腐(fu)蝕發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間，使涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐腐(fu)蝕壽(shou)命獲(huo)得提高(gao)。采用(yong)環(huan)氧(yang)云(yun)鐵(tie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間漆(qi)(qi)(qi)作為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，利用(yong)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)環(huan)氧(yang)樹脂及云(yun)母氧(yang)化鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)片狀結構增(zeng)強屏蔽(bi)效果(guo)，延緩(huan)腐(fu)蝕介質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滲入時間。環(huan)氧(yang)云(yun)鐵(tie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間漆(qi)(qi)(qi)粘度(du)大，一次(ci)施(shi)工即可(ke)獲(huo)得較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)，施(shi)工性和涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兼容性都較(jiao)好。應用(yong)環(huan)氧(yang)云(yun)鐵(tie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間漆(qi)(qi)(qi)配合環(huan)氧(yang)富鋅底(di)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)使用(yong)，可(ke)以大大提高(gao)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐(fu)期效。
;面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)涂裝底(di)層(ceng)和中間層(ceng)具(ju)有(you)保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，延緩底(di)層(ceng)腐(fu)(fu)蝕發(fa)生時(shi)間，面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)涂層(ceng)應(ying)具(ju)有(you)優(you)良(liang)的(de)耐(nai)候性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、抗老(lao)化(hua)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、保(bao)光保(bao)色性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、耐(nai)鹽霧性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、耐(nai)潮濕性(xing)(xing)、漆(qi)(qi)(qi)膜堅(jian)硬(ying)光滑。作(zuo)(zuo)為長(chang)效高耐(nai)久海洋防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)，常(chang)用(yong)的(de)主要有(you)聚氨酯面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)、氟(fu)(fu)(fu)碳(tan)(tan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)和聚硅(gui)氧烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)。聚氨酯面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)一(yi)種高性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)長(chang)效重防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)蝕涂料，在(zai)大部分(fen)(fen)嚴重腐(fu)(fu)蝕環(huan)境中都得(de)到廣泛的(de)應(ying)用(yong)，而相較(jiao)(jiao)于溶劑型雙組分(fen)(fen)氟(fu)(fu)(fu)碳(tan)(tan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)和改(gai)性(xing)(xing)聚硅(gui)氧烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)，其防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)不如(ru)氟(fu)(fu)(fu)碳(tan)(tan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)和改(gai)性(xing)(xing)聚硅(gui)氧烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)。改(gai)性(xing)(xing)聚硅(gui)氧烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有(you)優(you)異(yi)的(de)保(bao)光性(xing)(xing)，防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也同樣(yang)優(you)異(yi)，并(bing)且VOC較(jiao)(jiao)低，在(zai)環(huan)保(bao)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)具(ju)有(you)優(you)勢，但改(gai)性(xing)(xing)聚硅(gui)氧烷(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)際(ji)使用(yong)案例較(jiao)(jiao)少，使用(yong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)還需在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)中進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)驗(yan)證(zheng)。氟(fu)(fu)(fu)碳(tan)(tan)涂料由于氟(fu)(fu)(fu)元素的(de)電負性(xing)(xing)大，碳(tan)(tan)氟(fu)(fu)(fu)鍵鍵能(neng)(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)強(qiang)而不容易在(zai)紫外(wai)光的(de)照射下(xia)斷(duan)裂，具(ju)有(you)優(you)異(yi)的(de)耐(nai)老(lao)化(hua)性(xing)(xing)。氟(fu)(fu)(fu)碳(tan)(tan)涂層(ceng)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)能(neng)(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)低、漆(qi)(qi)(qi)膜堅(jian)韌，因此耐(nai)沖擊性(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)和抗屈曲性(xing)(xing)等機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)好。另外(wai)，氟(fu)(fu)(fu)碳(tan)(tan)涂料與環(huan)氧云鐵(tie)中間漆(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)有(you)良(liang)好的(de)配套(tao)性(xing)(xing)，也能(neng)(neng)確保(bao)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)底(di)漆(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)蝕作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。
來(lai)源：涂料工業
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